Thursday, May 26, 2011

Useful terms for understanding literature

1. alliteration -- अनुप्रास अलंकार
(n.)the commencement of two or more stressed syllables of a word group either with the same consonant sound or sound group.
Noun: The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
Synonyms -- beginning rhyme, head rhyme, initial rhyme

2. allusion -- 1. इशारा(m)   2.उल्लेख(m)    3.संकेत(m)   4. सूचना(f)   5. हवाला
(n.)a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication:

3. ambiguity -- 1. अस्पष्ट   2.अस्पष्टता (f)   4.पेंचदार   5.संदिग्धता(f)    6.संशयात्मक स्थिति
(n.,)an unclear, indefinite, or equivocal word, expression, meaning, etc.:

4. analogy -- noun  1. उपमा(f)   2. तुल्यता(f)   3. समानता(f)
                -- adjective  1. अनुरूपता   2. समवृत्तिता
(n.,)a similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be based:

5. antagonist --- विरोधी(m), शत्रु(m), प्रतिद्वंद्वी(m), बैरी
(n.)a person who is opposed to, struggles against, or competes with another; opponent; adversary.
Synonyms -- adversary, opponent, opposer, resister

6. antonym -- विपरीतार्थक शब्द, विलोम शब्द
(n.)a word opposite in meaning to another. Fast is an antonym of slow.
Synonyms -- opposite, opposite word

7. assonance -- स्वरसाम्य(m)
(n.)resemblance of sounds.

8. climax -- पराकाष्ठा(f) सार(m) चरमावस्था(m) चरम बिन्दु(m)
(n.)the highest or most intense point in the development or resolution of something; culmination:

9. contradiction -- विरोधाभास(m), विसंगति(f), विपरीत वर्णन, अन्तर्विरोध, असंगति(f), परस्पर-विरोध, विरुद्धता
(n.)the act of contradicting; gainsaying or opposition.

10. deus ex machina -- कृत्रिम समाधान, दैवी समाधान, यान्त्रिक अवतारणा
(n.)any artificial or improbable device resolving the difficulties of a plot.

11. epilogue -- उपसंहार, भरतवाक्य
(n.)a concluding part added to a literary work, as a novel.

12. figurative -- साकार, सुन्दर, प्रतीकात्मक, रंगीन, रूपकात्मक, लाक्षणिक
(adj.)of the nature of or involving a figure of speech, esp. a metaphor; metaphorical; not literal:

13. first person -- उत्तम पुरुष
(n.)the grammatical person used by a speaker in statements referring to himself or herself or to a group including himself or herself, as I and we in English.

14. foreshadow -- पूर्वाभासना, पूर्वाभास देना, पहले से प्रकट करना
(v.t.)to show or indicate beforehand; prefigure:

15. homonym --
(n.)homophone

16. homophone
(n.)a word pronounced the same as another but differing in meaning, whether spelled the same way or not, as heir and air.

17. index -- noun - सूचकांक(f), सूची(f), सूचीपत्र, विषय सूची(f), क्रमबद्ध रखना, तालिका(f)
verb - सूची में लिखना, क्रमबद्ध रखना, के अनुरूप बढ़ाना
(n.)something used or serving to point out; a sign, token or indication.
Synonyms -forefinger, index finger, index number, indicant, indicator, exponent, power

18. interior monologue --
(n.)a form of stream-of-consciousness writing that represents the inner thoughts of a character.
NounA piece of writing expressing a character's inner thoughts.

19. irony -- निन्दा, व्यंग्योक्ति(f), विडंबना(f)
(n.,)a technique of indicating, as through character or plot development, an intention or attitude opposite to that which is actually or ostensibly stated.

20. literal --
(adj.)in accordance with, involving, or being the primary or strict meaning of the word or words; not figurative or metaphorical:

21. metonymy
(n.)a figure of speech that consists of the use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related, or of which it is a part, as "scepter" for "sovereignty," or "the bottle" for "strong drink," or "count heads (or noses)" for "cou

22. modernism -- आधुनिकता(f), आधुनिकतावाद(m), आधुनिक शैली
(n.)a deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement or divergence from the past in the arts and literature occurring esp. in the course of the 20th century and taking form in any of various innovative movements and styles.

23. narrator
(v.t.)to give an account or tell the story of (events, experiences, etc.).

24. objective
(adj.)being the object of perception or thought; belonging to the object of thought rather than to the thinking subject (

25. onomatopoeia
(n.)the formation of a word, as cuckoo or boom, by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent.

26. oxymoron
(n.,)a figure of speech by which a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory effect, as in "cruel kindness" or "to make haste slowly."

27. paradox
(n.)a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

28. parody
(n.)a humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing:

29. picaresque
(adj.)pertaining to, characteristic of, or characterized by a form of prose fiction, originally developed in Spain, in which the adventures of an engagingly roguish hero are described in a series of usually humorous or satiric episodes that often depict, in rea

30. postmodernism
(n.)any of a number of trends or movements in the arts and literature developing in the 1970s in reaction to or rejection of the dogma, principles, or practices of established modernism, esp. a movement in architecture and the decorative arts running counter

31. prologue
(n.)a preliminary discourse; a preface or introductory part of a discourse, poem, or novel.

32. protagonist
(n.)the leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work.

33. second person
(n.)the person used by a speaker in referring to the one or ones to whom he or she is speaking: in English you is a second person pronoun.

34. sign
(n.)a conventional or arbitrary mark, figure, or symbol used as an abbreviation for the word or words it represents.

35. soliloquy
(n.,)an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself or herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in drama to disclose a character's innermost thoughts):

36. stanza
(n.)an arrangement of a certain number of lines, usually four or more, sometimes having a fixed length, meter, or rhyme scheme, forming a division of a poem.

37. stream of consciousness
(n.)thought regarded as a succession of ideas and images constantly moving forward in time.

38. subjective
(adj.)relating to properties or specific conditions of the mind as distinguished from general or universal experience.

39. symbol
(n.)something used for or regarded as representing something else; a material object representing something, often something immaterial; emblem, token, or sign.

40. synaesthesia
(n.)synesthesia.

41. synecdoche
(n.)a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the special for the general or the general for the special, as in ten sail for ten ships or a Croesus for a rich man.

42. synonym
(n.)a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the language, as joyful, elated, glad.

43. third person
(n.)the person that is used by the speaker of an utterance in referring to anything or to anyone other than the speaker or the one or ones being addressed.

44. trope
(n.)any literary or rhetorical device, as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony, that consists in the use of words in other than their literal sense.

45. vehicle
(n.)the thing or idea to which the subject of a metaphor is compared, as "rose" in "she is a rose."

46. tenor
(noun)the subject of a metaphor, such as ?she? in ?She is a rose?