Search Engine Submission - Manually or automatically submitting a site to a search engine, necessary in the early days due to the fact that search engines had limited (or non existent) crawling capabilities, and still yielding limited results years later.
On Page SEO - The practice of ensuring a site is both accessible to search engines and relevant to the terms you are targeting by the placement of keywords on page, on page SEO includes considerations of website architecture, build and content writing.
PageRank (or similar) - The use of links by search engines to judge the importance of a page flipped SEO on it's head and became the dominant factor in the early years of the decade. In this chart, PageRank essentially refers to the raw credibility conferred by links to a given page.
Anchor Text - The use of link text to add context to the raw credibility provided by PageRank et al...
Domain Authority - Link factors, including PageRank and links from trusted sources, assessed at a domain level rather than at a page level; the idea being that all other things being equal a page launched on a site with higher domain authority will rank better than a page launched on a site with low domain authority.
Link Context - Link context refers to the placement of links on a page and, more importantly, the context of the page and the site the link is on. Link context brings an additional level of complexity and detail to the analysis and acquisition of links beyond merely looking at the raw credibility of a link and its anchor text.
User Signals - The use of user behaviour, such as click through rates, bounce rates and search patterns, by search engines to assess the level of trust search engines have in a site. User signals were not felt as a serious part of search engine algorithms until this year when Google implemented the Vince algorithm update.
