WORD [type of word we use in English]

 Words are of two type:
    1.Content Word
    2.Function word

1. Content  word:
                 These which carry meaning by themselves.
                    1. Nouns
                    2. verbs
                    3. Adjectives
                    4. Adverbs

2. Function Word:
                 These which do not have any significant meaning in themselves and have to depend on the content words. (function word is fixed)
                    1. Determiners
                    2. Pronoun
                    3. Preposition
                    4. Conjunction
                    5. Auxiliary verbs
                    6. Interrogative

Determiners      -- a, an, the, this, that, some, any, all, many.

Pronoun           -- I, me, you, he, she, it, them, they, his, her, one, someone.

Prepositions     -- of, in, on, at, before, under, above, from, for, to, by.

Conjunction       -- and, or, but, if, when, because, that, so, though, then, besides, although.

Interrogative     -- who, what, which, whom, when, where, how.

Auxiliary verbs  -- am, is, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, can, could, may, 
                            might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, dare, ought to, used to.


  ELEMENT OF WORD STRUCTURE
The structure of a word has two elements:
  1. steam
  2. affix

Affix are of two types:
  1. suffix (fitness, singing legally) [in the end]
  2. prefix (unknown, illegal) [in the beginning]

my CAT preparation

Nishit K. Sinha, author of CAT preparation books and founder and CEO of dueNorth

How to protect your data on a Laptop

Simple steps toward data protection on a laptop How to protect data on a laptop each and every one of us has the means to minimize the loss associated with losing a laptop. The tools are readily available, and in many cases they’re free. Let’s take a look at some of the steps you can take right now to avoid a catastrophic data loss.

1. Set a BIOS Password:

                                Most laptops let you set a boot password in the BIOS that will prevent the PC from booting if someone enters the wrong password. it should stop the average person.

2. Set a Windows User Account and Administrator Password:

                                This will prevent anyone from accessing your personal data or logging your laptop via the administrator account. You can also assign an account lockout to your user account. After an unauthorized person fails to enter the correct password a certain number of times, the account is disabled automatically.

3. Biometric Scanners:

                                An alternative to passwords is biometric security, which includes things like retinal scanners, facial recognition technology, and fingerprint readers. While each of these security measures adds a layer of complexity to your system, they’re really only a deterrent for someone with average to moderate technical skills.

4. Hardware Encryption:

                                The most effective way to protect your data is to encrypt it. On an encrypted drive, the data remains encrypted even if the drive is moved to a different system entirely. Depending on the level of encryption you implement, it would be almost impossible for someone to recover your data without the key used to decipher it.

So how do you do it?

                      Let’s take a look at two of the more popular programs available.

                      BitLocker Drive Encryption is a full disk encryption feature included with the Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Microsoft’s Windows Vista and Windows 7 desktop operating systems.

                       If you run a version of Windows that doesn’t include BitLocker, you need to use a third-party encryption program. There are many available, but one of the most popular is TrueCrypt, which supports Microsoft Windows, both 32- and 64-bit versions, Mac OS X, and the Linux operating systems.

                      The TrueCrypt site is also packed with extensive documentation that does a tremendous job explaining just about everything you’ll ever need to know about encryption and the encryption process; a Beginner’s Tutorial, defining each of the algorithms available; the benefits of hidden volumes; erasing signs of the encryption process, and so much more. Best of all, it’s free.

                       Remember, you have all the tools you need to secure your laptop, so use them. No one thinks it will happen to them, but as the statistics show, it’s not just possible — it’s probable. Should that day come, your loss will never lead to anything more than the cost of the laptop itself.

Irregular Verbs broad classification

Verbs formed like: begin began begun

begin drink ring shrink sing spring stink swim

began drank rang shrank sang sprang/sprung stank swam

begun drunk rung shrunk sung sprung stunk swum

The adjective forms for these verbs are - drunken, shrunken, sunken

Verbs formed like: break broke broken

break choose freeze steal speak weave

broke chose froze stole spoke wove

broken chosen frozen stolen spoken woven

The adjective form for these verbs is the same as the past participle broken, chosen etc.

Verbs formed like: blow blew blown

blow draw grow fly know throw withdraw

blew drew grew flew knew threw withdrew

blown drawn grown flown known thrown withdrawn

Verbs formed like: drive drove driven

drive ride rise strive

drove rode rose strove

driven ridden risen striven

Verbs formed like: bear bore born

bear swear tear wear

bore swore tore wore

born sworn torn worn

Verbs formed like: bite bit bitten

bite hide

bit hid

bitten hidden

Verbs formed like: take took taken

forsake mistake shake take

forsook mistook shook took

forsaken mistaken shaken taken

Verbs formed like: give gave given

forbid forgive give

forbade forgave gave

forbidden forgiven given

Verbs formed like: sew sewed sewn

mow sew show sow

mowed sewed showed sowed

mown sewn shown sown

Mixed type Formations

be dive do eat fall go lie see (a) wake

was dove/dived did ate fell went lay saw (a)woke

been dived done eaten fallen gone lain seen (a)woken

Verbs with the same past and past participle formation

Verbs formed like: hang hung hung

cling dig hang spin stick strike string swing wring

clung dug hung spun stuck struck strung swung wrung

clung dug hung spun stuck struck strung swung wrung

Verbs- formed like: feed fed fed

bleed breed creep dream feed feel flee keep kneel lead leap mean meet sleep speed sweep weep

bled bred crept dreamt(dreamed) fed felt fled kept knelt (kneeled) led leapt (leaped) meant met slept sped swept wept

bled bred crept dreamt(dreamed) fed felt fled kept knelt (kneeled) led leapt (leaped) meant met slept sped swept wept

Verbs formed like: fight fought fought

bring buy catch fight seek teach think

brought bought caught fought sought taught thought

brought bought caught fought sought taught thought

Verbs formed like: send sent sent

bend lend send spend

bent lent sent spent

bent lent sent spent

Verbs formed like: find found found

bind find grind wind

bound found ground wound

bound found ground wound

Verbs formed like: say said said

lay mislay pay say

laid mislaid paid said

laid mislaid paid said

1st & amp; 3rd parts of the verb are alike

come become overcome run

came became overcame ran

come become overcome run

Mixed type with two same forms

build forget get have hear hold light lose make shine shoot sit slide stand understand win

built forgot got had heard held lit lost made shone shot sat slid stood understood won

built forgot got had heard held lit lost made shone shot sat slid stood understood won

Verbs formed tell told told

sell tell

sold told

sold told

Verbs with all three parts alike

bet bid broadcast burst cost cut hit hurt knit let put read rid set shut slit spit split spread thrust

bet bid broadcast burst cost cut hit hurt knit let put read rid set shut slit spit split spread thrust

bet bid broadcast burst cost cut hit hurt knit let put read rid set shut slit spit split spread thrust

The dictionary dispels confusion in several cases where verbs are both regular and irregular

e.g.

LIE (regular)         LIED        LIED

LIE (irregular)     LAY       LAIN